Microbial Activity in HAVAC Systems

Microbial Activity in HAVAC Systems - A Serious IAQ Threat.
Contaminated indoor air is a growing issue worldwide. Experts know that certain airborne contaminants cause widespread discomfort and health problems, leading to absenteeism and a decrease in productivity. Healthy indoor environments could save billions in health care costs, lost work time, output and possible litigation.
The most offending contaminants are bioaerosols, regarded as the leading cause of allergies, SBS (Sick Building Syndrome) and BRI (Building Related Illness).
Bioaerosols are airborne contaminants that include microbes and the metabolic gases, cell fragments and spores, other toxins and waste products.
Airborne and surface microorganisms include pathogens (viruses, bacteria and mold which cause measles, chicken pox, Legionnaires' disease, aspergillosis, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases); allergens (bacteria and mold which cause allergic rhinitis, asthma, humidifier fever and hypersensitivity pneumonitis); and toxins (mycotoxins and endotoxins which cause toxic and allergic reactions, irritations and odors).
Among allergens, mold and mold products are the most common worldwide ? and mold can proliferate in A/C systems year-round. Exposure to mold initiates the release of histamines. Scratchy eyes and throat, congestion, breathing difficulties, allergy asthma and other complications can follow.
Almost every space is air-conditioned today, and a damp A/C coil is especially conducive to the growth of molds and bacteria. The unit's fan disseminates and recirculates microbes along with space and occupant-generated germs ? both room to room and person to person.
We can't count on help from air filters for two reasons: (1) Microbial growth occurs downstream of filters, so microbes will still flood the rest of the system and space; (2) Viruses and many bacteria are too small to be stopped by the majority of filters in use today.
IAQ experts agree that chemical bio-remediation is impractical, as it's harmful to humans, equipment and the environment; and it is only temporary. There is growing interest in UVC as the most practical, effective and continuous solution.
This UV is the "C" band, not the more familiar A and B. It's been used for more than 70 years to kill harmful microorganisms in many applications. But it wouldn't work in HVAC systems because conventional UVC lights suffered drastic output losses and thus "killing power" when exposed to cold and/or moving air.
The new generation of Steril-Aire UVC Emitters? is engineered to provide peak output specifically at HVAC conditions. Output is significantly greater than that of conventional UVC fixtures in HVAC applications. Independently verified output, award-winning fixture designs and patented application procedures all work in concert to kill infectious microbes while continuously eliminating mold and bacteria on coils and in drain pans.
Though originally developed to improve IAQ, Steril-Aire's multi-patented methodology also rewards users with significant energy and maintenance benefits. The UVC Emitter eliminates the bio-film and dirt that foul surface heat transfer ? continuously cleaning and maintaining coils and drain pans to "like new" conditions. The process brings crucial improvements in coil heat transfer, efficiency and pressure drop. Many building operators report energy savings of 15-30% and much higher.
Those who use Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) quickly see more of a VFD's promised energy savings once the Emitters have cleaned the coils. As a result, those considering VFDs may have more incentive to use them in concert with UVC Emitters. Constant speed fan users will need to check system conditions as many will be able to revert to original design settings for substantial energy savings.
By keeping coils and drain pans clean and odor-free, UVC Emitters reduce or eliminate costly coil, drain pan and plenum-cleaning programs; and maintenance crews are no longer exposed to biocidal and cleaning agents or other chemicals required for these tasks. Also, coils and drain pans no longer seed the system with mold, bacteria and their products so ducts and occupied spaces stay cleaner and odor-free too. By combining energy and maintenance savings, a typical UVC installation will pay for itself in 3-5 months.

Credit Card

Article: Homepage (credit cards)

Description: Credit Card is substitute of cash and by having best credit card one can get different benefits.

As the world is advancing new technologies are introduced in the market. These technologies are made to make our life easier and simpler. These technologies are also helping in our spending life style. Like nowadays plastic money (credit card) is gaining fame because most of the people don’t want to carry huge amount of money along with them and they prefer credit cards.

Credit card is used as a mode of payment which can be used as substitute cash in the trade of commodities. It is a small plastic card, generally 3(1/8) inches by 2(1/8) inches in size, with a small electronic chip given to consumers of the system. The card holds credentials information like an image or signature, and person name to charge for services, the charges for which he will be payable periodically. A credit card is not like debit cards as in debit card money is not deducted from the client’s account after each transaction. In the case of credit cards, the issuers give loan to the punter and the consumer revolves their balance at the cost of having interest charged. Today, automated teller machines (ATMs), bank and Internet computers and store readers are used to interpret the information which is present on the card and are accepted as means of payment in many restaurants, internet businesses, stores, hotels and shopping malls. These cards are issued by financial institutes, banks and credit card companies.

Apply Credit Card:
In order to apply for credit card following information is needed:
What is earning per month.
Latest pay slip.
Company details.
Existing loans details.
Savings and investments details.
ID and driving license number.

Credit Cards Benefits:
Credit cards can improve the person’s ability to obtain student loan, charter an apartment, get a car, get a job, and seek to get a house. Other benefits of having a best credit card are:
Security in crisis.
Decreased need to hold wad of cash or checkbook.
Can be kept at anyplace and is used to pay anything one want to purchase.
Improved personal accountability and autonomy.
Easily replaceable if lost.
Personalize method of payment.
Is used as credit finance.
Used for other services on the phone.


A credit bank is a program supported via universities that acquires all of the past courses, test results, and service records of a student or employee and places them on a single transcript. This transcript can be used when applying for employment or education instead of sending in numerous records from different schools.

Credit card accounts might be transformed to mutual accounts. Many creditors need a credit check on the mutual applicant prior to conversion of the account. If the applicant has bad or has no credit record then the applicant’s application can be rejected or can be accepted at a higher interest rate. In order to consolidate outstanding loans; credit card consolidation loans can help.

In long-distance transactions Credit cards can be of great help. With the help of online credit card, items can be purchased and delivered through internet and with out credit card online financial transaction can not be done.

Credit card application is used in all most every country. Maybe in future creditcards will be the most commonly form of money.

APRILARE HUMIDIFIER

APRILARE
You depend on air filters to keep the air in your home clean and fresh. Whether as part of your forced air heating or cooling system, air filters ensure that particles, germs, and impurities are trapped before they get into the air in your home. But as the dust and particles accumulate, the air filters become less effective. This can reduce the efficiency of your home heating or cooling system. More importantly, it puts the cleanliness of your home at risk and affects the health of you and your family. That is why it's critical to change the air filters as often as the manufacturer of your climate control system recommends.
The quality of air we breathe is an important factor in affecting allergies, especially indoors. Indoor air contains a higher concentration of allergens, dust and other particles that can trigger breathing problems and worsen allergies. Air purifiers and cleaners with proper air filters can make a significant difference in the air you breathe, lessening the allergens in the air that cause discomfort, and reducing the amount of particles, and germs. Changing filters in your air purifiers and cleaners at the proper time can help you create a healthier home and environment.
Finding the correct air filters for your system.
A noisy humidifier may be the result of an unduplicated fan motor or a drive mechanism clogged by debris. Periodically clean the water reservoir, fan, and nozzle to ensure that they are clean and working properly. To keep your humidifier working smoothly and efficiently, lubricate the fan motor bearings with SAE #20 oil. Be sure to consult your owner's manual for proper care and maintenance procedures.If it seems loose, vibrating parts are causing the noise:1) Disconnect the power.2) Remove the cover and look for any vibrating parts. Tighten screws, if necessary.3) Wiggle the fan to see if it is loose on its shaft. If it is, tighten the mounting fasteners. Lubricate the motor's bearings if suggested in your owner's manual.4) If it still makes noise, call an appliance repairperson or take the unit into an appliance repair shop.
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Save your family and your home from the damaging effects of over-dry air. Dry nose and cracked, itchy skin. Aggravated allergy and asthma symptoms. Painful static shocks. Chipping paint and plaster. Warped or damaged wood floors and furniture, trim and molding. Sound familiar? Why go through another season with these problems when there is a solution—an Aprilaire Whole-Home Humidifier.
Turning your temperature up in the wintertime will keep you warm but won’t increase your home’s humidity. Daily activities like showering, cooking, and doing laundry won’t produce enough moisture to keep your home’s air from being too dry. According to medical experts, many viruses thrive in low humidity and can increase the likelihood of getting colds, flu and upper respiratory ailments. The American Society of Otolaryngology reports that it is important to prevent an overly dry environment because it makes people more susceptible to infection.
A whole-home humidifier from Aprilaire, installed by your heating and cooling professional, will deliver the perfect amount of moisture to your air making you feel more comfortable at lower thermostat settings. In fact, the EPA states that you can save up to 4% on your heating bill for every degree you lower your thermostat! Increase your family’s level of comfort and protect your valuable furnishings by adding just the right amount of moisture with an Aprilaire Whole-House Humidifier.
“If too dry an environment is your problem, consider a humidifier. Clues like awakening with a sore throat, dryness in your nose, or even a nose bleed are signs of too little humidity.”

Data Control

1. Purpose :
§ To establish a procedure for writing, approval, issuance, controlling and distribution of documents and data control.
§ To ensure that only the most recent revisions of documents are available at point of use.
§ To ensure that any change in a document is recorded and that all appropriate documentation is updated to reflect the change.

2. Scope :
All quality system documents and records.

3. Responsibilities
3.1. Management representative
3.1.1 Oversees the control of all documents, by keeping a master list of the location of all documents.
3.1.2 Responsible for reviewing the change proposal form (MR/4/003), and informing the originator in case of rejection / approval of change proposal.
3.1.3 Ensures the availability of the documents at proper location.
3.1.4 Provides the document change control training.
3.2. document users
3.2.1 To verify that document / data being used is current by consulting the control documents master list (MR/4/001).
3.2.2 Any user of the document can request a change to a document.
3.3 Plant Engineer, HR Manager, Production Manager ,QA Manager are Functional Authorities for Maintenance Department, HR Department, Production Department and QA/QC Department respectively While Director Finance & Administration will be Functional Authority for Sales Section, Purchase Department and M.R.
4. procedure
4.1. document hierarachy
4.1.1 The documents of the Quality System are categorized into four levels:
4.1.1.1 Level 1: Quality Manual, Quality Policy, Quality Objectives and Organizational Chart.
4.1.1.2 Level 2: Job Descriptions, Quality Procedures, and Standard Operating Procedures.
4.1.1.3 Level 3: Specifications, Testing Methods, Operating Instructions, and Flow Charts, etc.
4.1.1.4 Level4: Formats and Quality Records.

4.2. document Identification (level i, ii, and iii)
4.2.1 Documents of Level I, II and III, excluding the Quality Policy, Validation Protocol and Validation Report will be uniquely identified using the following format:
Medicraft Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Ltd. Peshawar
ISO No.
MR/2/001

Title: Mention title of Document
Issue
2
Supersedes
Issue 1 of MR/2/001
Effective Date
August 2004
Revision Date
July 2006
Page No.
1 of 10

*AAA = Deptt. code.
BBB = Section Code (Section code is applicable to a document whose scope is section- wide. eg, if a procedure is applicable to Injectable section only, its ISO No., must include its section code (AAA-BBB/C/DDD). But if a document is applicable to whole production deptt., then its ISO No. (AAA/C/DDD) will include only deptt. code.)
C = Level of the document, ie., 1,2,3, and 4.
DDD = Document Number.
Approved codes of deptt./section are:
S.No.
Department/Section
Abbreviation
1
Management Representative
MRC
2
Production
PRD
3
Injectable
INJ
4
Tablet
TAB
5
Liquid
LIQ
6
Dry Syrup
DSS


S.No.
Department/Section
Abbreviation
7
Capsule
CAP
8
Human Resource
HRD
9
Research and Development
RDD
10
Store
STR
11
Raw Material Store
RMS
12
Packing Material Store
PMS
13
Finished Goods Store
FGS
14
Quality Assurance
QAD
15
Quality Control
QCD
16
Sales and Marketing
SAL
17
Maintenance
MNT
18
Purchase
PUR
19
Printing
PNT

4.2.2 Quality manual, Job Descriptions, Validation Protocols, Validation Reports and Validation Master Plan are exceptions to the coding rule of 4.2.1, whose ISO No. will be as:
QM/1
JD/2/DDD
VMP/2
VR – AAA/3/DDD
VP – AAA/3/DDD

Where AAA is Deptt./Section Code, as mentioned in the above table, and DDD is the document number.
4.3. document structure (Level I, ii and iii)
4.3.1 Level II and III documents, except Job Descriptions, specification and Testing Methods, Validation Master Plan, Validation Protocol, and Validation Report will contain the following headings, with accompanying detail necessary, to perform the related procedure:
4.3.1.1 Purpose
4.3.1.2 Scope
4.3.1.3 Responsibilities
4.3.1.4 Definitions (Optional)
4.3.1.5 Procedure
4.3.1.6 References (Optional)
4.3.1.7 Related Documents
4.3.1.8 Annexure
4.3.1.9 Change Control History
4.3.1.10 Distribution List
4.3.2 All the pages of Level I, II, and III documents will bear following additional information duly signed by an authorized persons:
4.3.2.1 Written By
4.3.2.2 Reviewed By
4.3.2.3 Checked By (Not applicable for MR Documents)
4.3.2.4 Approved By (Applicable for Q.A, Q.C, Production and Maintenance Department’s documents)
4.3.2.5 Authorized By ( Not applicable for Quality Assurance and Quality Control
department’s documents).
4.4. document prepartation (Level i, ii, iii and iv)
4.4.1. Management Representative, in consultation with Plant Manager and senior management, will prepare Quality Policy and Quality Objectives for the organization.
4.4.2. Deptt. / Section Head will develop a document, although he / she can assign this task, by consulting concerned Manager, to other person who has the competency to perform the task.
4.5. document review, checking, approval and authorization
4.5.1. Documents related to Production Deptt., M.R., Maintenance Deptt., Human Resource Deptt., QA Deptt., QC Deptt., Purchase Deptt., and Sales Deptt., will be reviewed by the Manager Production, Management Representative, Plant Engineer, HR Manager, QA Manager, QC Manager, Finance Manager and Distribution Manager respectively.
4.5.2. MR will check all the documents for its compliance to QMS requirements.
4.5.3. QA Manager will have the authority to approve the technical documents of the Production, Maintenance, QA and QC Deptt.
4.5.4. Plant Manager/designee will authorize the documents approved by QA Manager.
4.5.5. Authorization of documents related to MR, HRM, Purchase Deptt., and Sale Deptt, will be given by Director Finance& Administration/ Director Marketing.
4.6 issuance of documents
4.6.1 Management Representative will keep a copy of all the documents in a Central Quality File and will distribute controlled copies to the concerned deptt./section, in according with distribute list.
4.6.2 All the original documents are printed, preferably, on white A4/Legal Size Paper.
4.6.3 Controlled documents are stamped in red as “Controlled Copy” by Management Representative for identification.
4.6.4 Uncontrolled copies are allowed only for use by external parties, e.g. customers, auditors, consultants etc. These are stamped in red on the front page as “Uncontrolled Copy”. MR will have the authority to issue Uncontrolled Copies.
4.6.5 MR centrally controls the issuance of documents by maintaining a controlled documents Master list, MR/4/001.

S. No.
Level
Document Type
Issuance Detail
1
Level I
Quality Manual
Restricted only to MR, and users authorized by the CEO or MR.
Quality Policy and Organizational Objectives
Issued to all Departments.
2
Level II
Quality Procedures and SOPs
Issued to concerned Department/Personnel.
Job Descriptions
3
Level III
Operating Instructions
Issued to concerned Department/Personnel.
Testing Procedures and Specifications, Specifications, etc.
4
Level IV
Quality Records and formats
Issued to concerned Department/Personnel.
Documents of external origin
4.7 Quality records and formats (level iv)
4.7.1 Quality records have a limited extent of control, only their format is controlled.
4.7.2 Quality records are uniquely identified by their name and ISO No.
4.7.3 In cases where it is feasible, the format of the level IV documents, except log books and registers ,will be as:

Medicraft Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Ltd. Peshawar
Page No.
x of y
Title: Mention Title of the Document
ISO No.
AAA-BBB/C/DDD
Issue
1
Effective Date
April 2004

4.7.4 MR maintains a Quality Record List which describes the following information:
4.7.4.1 Record Name
4.7.4.2 Keeper and Location
4.7.4.3 Retention Period
4.7.4.4 Issue No.
4.8 amending documents and records
4.8.1 For amending documents procedure for change control is followed.
4.9 Withdrawl of obsolete documents
4.9.1 Obsolete documents are identified by MR and are duly stamped in red as “Obsolete Document”.
4.9.2 All copies of obsolete documents are withdrawn by MR. One copy of the obsolete document, along with its Circulation Record (MR/4/002) is kept for reference purposes, in an Obsolete Document File, MR/4/004. All remaining copies are destroyed by MR.
4.10 documents of external origin
4.10.1 Documents of external origin are stamped in red as “For Reference Only” and is issued to concerned deptt. and person only.
S. No.
Document of External Origin
Document Type
1
Guidelines
Layout Standards, Reference Templates, Guidelines on GMP,
Quality Auditing, Guidelines for Objectives
2
ISO Standards
ISO 9001:2000
3
Official Reference Books
BP, USP, and other official books etc.
5 related documents
Nil
5 related records
5.1 Controlled Documents Master List, MR/4/001.
5.2 Circulation Record, MR/4/002.
5.3 Change Proposal Form, MR/4/003.
5.4 Obsolete Document File, MR/4/004.
5.5 Amendment Sheet, MR/4/017.


6 annexure
6.1 Flow Chart for Amending Document


ANNEXURE 7.1
Flowchart for Amending the Document

4.8.1
Start
Originator

Identifies and initiates need for changing documents through CPF.







4.8.3

MR and Concerned Deptt./ Section head review CPF

Accepts ?
MR and Concerned Deptt./Section Head

Identifies reason CPF was not approved

No 4.8.2






Yes


Author of Document evaluates the Change Proposal

Approves ?
Author of Document

Informs MR for reason of CPF rejection. 4.8.5 4.8.4

No





Yes



4.8.6
MR

Revises his copy of document manually and informs the originator and all concerned section/deptt. head.







4.8.9 4.8.7
MR

Notifies the Originator
Concerned Deptt./Section Head

Manually amends the document.







MR

Verifies amended changes after about 1 week. 4.8.8





End






Note: In this flow chart document means Level I, II, III, and IV documents, and number written on a rectangle shows the section no. of this procedure.

5.6.1 For Permanent change:
5.6.1.1 Changes required are raised on a Change Proposal form (MR/4/003) along with a copy of suggested changes (if required) and is submitted to Management Representative.
5.6.1.2 Management Representative will discuss and evaluate proposed changes, in consultation with concerned deptt./section head.
5.6.1.3 If they reject proposed changes, MR will notify the originator about rejection of CPF along with the reason of rejection.
5.6.1.4 In case Change Proposal is accepted, MR will forward the proposal for final approval to functional authority who has written the document or holds the authority to approve the concerned document.
5.6.1.5 If change proposal was rejected by functional authority, he will inform MR about the reason of rejection of CPF.
5.6.1.6 Once the change proposal is approved, MR will:
5.6.1.6.1 In case of a major change whole document will be revised with the new issue number by following guidelines given in section 4.4 and 4.5.
5.6.1.6.2 For minor changes M.R. will amend the document in his control, and will inform the originator and concerned deptt./section head about the changes.
5.6.1.6.2.1 Concerned deptt./section head after getting information from Management Representative will make the proposed changes in the document manually.
5.6.1.6.2.2 After about one week, MR will verify the proposed changes by visiting the deptt./section using the amended document.
5.6.1.6.2.3 The newly amended document will carry the new revision no., i.e., revision 1 will become revision 2. In case of level IV documents instead of revision no., issue number will change.
5.6.1.6.2.4 After three revisions next issue of the document will be issued.
5.6.2 FOR TEMPORARY CHANGE
5.6.2.1 For temporary change procedure for change control is followed.
5.6.2.1.1.1